Negative Inverted

A. Never
    1. Never does he smoke at home.
    2. Never did he smoke at home.
    3. Never will he smoke at home.
    4. Never can he smoke at home.
    5. Never had he smoked at home.

B. Seldom
    1. Seldom do they swim in the river.
    2. Seldom did they swim in the river.
    3. Seldom will they swim in the river.
    4. Seldom can they swim in the river.
    5. Seldom had they swum in the river.

C. Rarely
    1. Rarely does he write letter to me.
    2. Rarely did he write letter to me.
    3. Rarely will he write letter to me.
    4. Rarely can he write letter to me.
    5. Rarely had he written letter to me.

D. Not only ..., but also....
    1. Not only does Citra study English, but also she studies math.
    2. Not only did Citra study English, but also she studied math.
    3. Not only will Citra study English, but also she will study math.
    4. Not only can Citra study English, but also she can study math.
    5. Not only had Citra study English, but also she studied math.

Negative Inverted Construction

Negative inversion, also referred to as declarative negative auxiliary inversion (NAI) in Lisa Green's work, refers to declarative clauses in which a negated auxiliary or modal precedes a quantificational (or indefinite) subject, as exemplified in (1):
(1) a. Can't nobody beat 'em.
     b. Didn't nobody get hurt or nothin'.
     c. Won't anybody hit us.
     d. Cain't all o' ya go at once.

Negative inversion constructions always have a well-formed non-inverted counterpart. Sentences exhibiting negative inversion are given in the (a) examples and their non-inverted counterparts are given in the (b) examples.
(1)  a. Ain't nobody know about no club.
       b. Nobody ain't know about no club.
(2)  a. Didn't everybody go to the party.
       b. Everybody didn't go to the party.


In the southern white speaker varieties, negative inversion constructions are compatible with expletives.
(1)  a. They didn't nobody like him.
       b. They can’t many people say that.
       c. We don't any of us need anything.
       d. There didn't five of em go to sleep, and I thought they was gonna be trouble

Negative inversion constructions are incompatible with expletives in African American English, as in (16).
(1)  a. *There didn't nobody laugh.
       b. *It can't no man round here get enough money to buy they own farm.
       c. *Dey didn't nobody see it.
       d. *It don't nobody be drinking tea.

Negative inversion is often said to co-occur with negative concord in African American English. The co-occurrence typically refers to the availability of subjects headed by no, as in the (a) examples, and the unavailability of subjects headed by NPI any, as in the (b) examples.
(1)  a. Don't nobody break up a fight.
       b. *Don't anybody break up a fight.

Other types of subjects that are not negative are possible, such as subjects headed by a andmany.
(1)  a. Ain't a damn thing changed.
       b. Don't many of them live around here.

In the southern white speech varieties, however, both subjects headed by no and subjects headed by any are possible.
(1)  a. Hain't nobody hardly believed it.
       b. Dudn't anybody seem to understand.
(2)  a. Won't none of the students go to the party.
       b. Didn't any of them answer the question.

In the literature on African American English, negative inversion constructions are distinguished from existential negative inversion in which the auxiliary is the copula be(henceforth existential 'be'). The two constructions look superficially similar, as a negated copula occurs clause-initially and is followed by an indefinite subject. Some examples of existential 'be' constructions are given in (1).
(1)  a. Wasn't nobody home.
       b. Ain't no farmer made money this year.

 It can be difficult to tell the two constructions apart because ain't can have several meanings. It can be the negative copula be+n't, but it can also be the negative perfect auxiliary corresponding to have+n't in Standard English or the negative past tense auxiliary do+n't.

refference
http://microsyntax.sites.yale.edu

Subjunctive

The subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form in English.

Structure of the Subjunctive

The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"):

be (past)	be (present)	all other verbs (past & present)
I were you were he, she, it were we were you were they were	I be you be he, she, it be we be you be they be	I work you work he, she, it work we work you work they work

The subjunctive does not change according to person (I, you, he etc).

Use of the Subjunctive

We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:

• wants to happen
• anticipates will happen
• imagines happening

Look at these examples:

• The President requests that you be present at the meeting.
• It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
• If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:

• the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that
• the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Here are some examples with the subjunctive:

• The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.
• The board of directors recommended that he join the company.
• It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.
• It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.

Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples:

• Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.
• Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.

• Present: It is essential that she be present.
• Past: It was essential that she be present.

The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in English, where should + infinitive is often used:

• The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night.
• It was essential that we should vote as soon as possible.

We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was" after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at these sentences:

• If I were you, I would ask her.
• Suppose she were here. What would you say?

Why do we say "I were", "he were"?

We sometimes hear things like "if I were you, I would go" or "if he were here, he would tell you". Normally, the past tense of the verb "to be" is: I was, he was. But the if I were you structure does not use the past simple tense of the verb "to be". It uses the past subjunctive of the verb "to be". In the following examples, you can see that we often use the subjunctive form were instead of "was" after:

• if
• as if
• wish
• suppose

Formal (The were form is correct at all times.)	Informal (The was form is possible in informal, familiar conversation.)
If I were younger, I would go.	If I was younger, I would go.
If he weren't so mean, he would buy one for me.	If he wasn't so mean, he would buy one for me.
I wish I weren't so slow!	I wish I wasn't so slow!
I wish it were longer.	I wish it was longer.
It's not as if I were ugly.	It's not as if I was ugly.
She acts as if she were Queen.	She acts as if she was Queen.
If I were you, I should tell her.	Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation.

Some fixed expressions use the subjunctive. Here are some examples:

• Long live the King!
• God bless America!
• Heaven forbid!
• Be that as it may, he still wants to see her.
• Come what may, I will never forget you.
• We are all citizens of the world, as it were.

Reference:
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-subjunctive.htm

Conditional Sentence

 

Definition:

Conditional sentence is a sentence that express a wish, hope, plan that may be possible, unreal or contrary to the fact, or impossible. Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses.

Types:
1.  REAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES/CONDITIONAL TYPE ONE 

(IF + THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE + THE FUTURE TENSE)

Real conditional sentences adalah kalimat yang akan terjadi atau tidak akan terjadi (mungkin terjadi) tergantung pada suatu kondisi atau keadaan.

CONTOH:
Conditional sentences which may or may not happen (kalimat ‘conditional’ yang mungkin terjadi dan mungkin juga tidak terjadi)

• If it rains, I will not go
• If you insist, he will let you have it
• If she loves you, she will be happy for you.
• If I find her address, I will send her an invitation.
• If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
• If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
• When I have a day off from work, I am going to go to the beach.
• If the weather is nice, she is going to walk to work.
• I am going to read if there is nothing on TV.
• If you call me, I will give you the address.

Kalimat utama di atas akan terjadi jika kondisi dalam If-clause terpenuhi. Kalau kondisi pada If-clause tidak terpenuhi, maka main clause-nya tidak akan terjadi.
   

2.  UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN THE PRESENT/CONDITIONAL TYPE TWO 

(IF + THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE + THE PAST FUTURE TENSE)

"Unreal Conditional Sentences in the present" adalah kalimat yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan yang ada sekarang di hadapan kita.

CONTOH:
Conditional sentences which is contrary to the fact at present (kalimat ‘conditional’ yang bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan saat ini)

• If I were in town, I would go. (I am not in town)
• If I took the plane, I would get there fast. (I don’t take the plane)
• If I knew, I would tell you. (I don’t know)
• If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
• If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.
• If I were you, I would not do this. 
• If I were a dove, I would fly around the world.
• If I were him, I would accept Dona as my secretary.
• If  were a milionare, I would donate my money to charity.
• If I had much money, I would buy an island for my parents. 

 

3. UNREAL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN THE PAST 

(IF + THE PAST PERFECT TENSE, + THE PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE)

"Unreal conditional sentence in the past" adalah kalimat yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan yang terjadi di masa lampau.

CONTOH:

• If I had known it, I would have told you.
• If you had told me, I would have defended you.
• If she hadn’t come late, She would have defended you.
• If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
• If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.
• If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work.
• She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money.
• I would have read more as a child if I hadn't watched so much TV.
• If I had been bored, I would have been gone home earlier.  
• If Jack had worked harder, he would have earned more money.

Causative Verb

Get
The Patterns:
-Active Causative:  S+Get/Gets/Got+O(person)+to V1+ . . .
-Passive Causative: S+Get/Gets/Got+O(thing)+V3+ . . .

1. I will get my dog to keep my house.
2. I  get you to become my wife.
3. My wife gets me to wash the clothes.
4. They would get me to write a letter in the classroom.
5. I got my friend to accompany me in theater.
6. He gets her to read The holy Quran.
7. Luqman gets his girlfriend to wash his hair.
8. The lecturer gets her to open the book.
9. My mother gets my brother to wash his car. 
10. They gets me to run faster.

Have/Has/Has
The Patterns:
-Active Causative: S+Have/Has/Had+O(Person)+ V1+ . . .
-Passive Causative: S+Have/Has/Had+O(Thing)+V3+ . . .

1. I have her refresh my mind.
2. They have me something to do.
3. I had him fix my car.
4. Rezki has me do exercise together.
5. Hutomo has him repair their computer.
6. You have brother clean your room.
7. I had my sister do my task.
8. Arga has computer operated an application.
9. I have rice cooker cooked rice.
10. Selva had me do my task.

Make
The Patterns:
-Active Causative:  S+Make/Makes/Made+O(Person)+ V1+ . . .
-Passive Causative: S+Make/Makes/Made+O(Thing)+V3+ . . .

1. He made their brother open the door.
2. My friends made her save my book.
3. His friend made her fall in the floor.
4. The teacher makes me study hard for the test.
5. My mother makes me wash my car.
6. He makes her sing a beautiful song for him.
7. The lecturer made the students study hard for the test.
8. His friend made her fall in love.
9. He made their children keep his key .
10. The farmer made me realize about my mistake.

Let
Let - Person - Verb

1. Sigit let me ride his new motorcycle.
2. I know that my mother let me cook a rice.
3. They let her come into their party.
4. My father let me take a phone from my friends.
5. My sister let her son eat in the kitchen.
6. I don't know that my friends will let me repair his computer.
7. Don't ever let me tell your secrets to your parent.
8. They let me go in the school.
9. His father let us come into their house.
10. My Mother let me cry in his room.

Assingment 1 - Reported Speech

Definition:

The report of one speaker or writer on the words said, written, or thought by someone else.

Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. Is used to communicate what someone else said, think or believe, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible. 

For example:

- He said that he was going to come. 

- The person’s exact words were “I’m going to come“. 

Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like “say“, “tell“, “ask“, and we may use the word “that” to introduce the reported words. Reported speech doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said.

(Source: http://goo.gl/OWymCt)

A. Declarative

1. I will destroy you;
2. I will always keep you safe;
3. I believe in God;
4. The dog ran;
5. I like swimming, especially when the sun looks bright;
6. Don't waste your time, or time will waste you;
7. You can get help from my mother, but you're going to ask by your self;
8. I wanted to marry with sinta;
9. I want to make statement that i love him;
10. How can we win, when fools can be king;

B. Yes/no Question

1. Are here just to prove your winning?
2. Is it your car?
3. Is he your father?
4. Is she your mother?
5. Are you smarter than me?
6. Was she your friend?
7. May I borrow your book?
8. Have you ever seen me before?
9. Have you ever answer my question?
10. Were you looking for me?

C. Question Word

1. Where is your hometown?
2. Why do you love me?
3. When does the stores open?
4. Who is your father?
5. What are you talking about?
6. Which day do you prefer for meet me?
7. How do you cook an egg?
8. How could you do that reckless thing?
9. How far is the university from your boarding house?
10. How many brothers and sister do you have?

D.  Imperative

1. Get away from my face!
2. Please open the door!
3. Lent your car, please!
4. Take your book from me!
5. Take out you clothes!
6. Clean up the room!
7. If you want to come in my room, please knock the door!
8. Don't bothering me, turn of the television, please!
9. Tommorow you have to come here!
10. Next sunday you have to clean our class!